Contrastive Conjunction
Different
types of conjunctions link information in different ways. It is important to
know which conjunctions establish which types of links.
There
are five main types of conjunction in English.
1. Conjunctions of
addition and replacement
Additive
conjunctions simply add more information to what is already there. Examples of
additive conjunctions include:
and, also, in addition, not only … but
also, moreover, further, besides.
Example:
The
study used a small sample only and was strongly criticized for
this reason. Furthermore, the initial premise of the research was
considered questionable in the light of previous evidence.
Conjunctions
of replacement replace one piece of information with another. That is, they
offer an alternative. Conjunctions of replacement include the words:
or, or else, alternatively.
Example :
The
results could be interpreted to mean that high levels of protein are beneficial
to diet generally. Alternatively, they could also mean that high
protein levels are only beneficial to severely overweight males.
2. Conjunctions of
comparison, contrast and concession
Comparative
conjunctions are used to link two ideas that are considered to be similar.
Comparative conjunctions include the terms:
in the same way, likewise, just as,
both … and.
Example :
Reading
aloud to young children stimulates their interest in books. Similarly,
visiting libraries or book fairs has been shown to increase children’s
readiness to engage with print.
Contrastive
conjunctions link two ideas that are considered to be different. Examples of
contrastive conjunctions include:
but, however, in contrast, on the
contrary, instead, nevertheless, yet, still, even so, neither … nor.
Example :
This
evidence points clearly to a fall in the number of unemployed. On the
other hand, anecdotal evidence from reputable charities suggests that the
number of people seeking financial support has increased.
Concessive
conjunctions are a subgroup of contrastive conjunctions. They are used to
contrast one idea with another where one piece of information appears to be
surprising or unexpected in view of the other idea. Examples of concessive
conjunctions include:
though, although, despite, in spite of,
notwithstanding, whereas, while.
Example :
Even
though money
has been poured into literacy programs, literacy levels among 12-15 year olds
do not appear to be improving.
Perfect Modal Verbs
Modal
verb + have + past participle
The
Future Perfect Tense
Unlike all the other modals above, will is used for the
future:
Subject + will + have + past participle
Singular
|
Plural
|
I will have lived
|
We
will have lived
|
You will have lived
|
You
will have lived
|
He will have lived
|
|
She will have lived
|
They
will have lived
|
It will have lived
|
This is a difficult tense to use. It describes an action that will be
completed in the future.
I moved to Minnesota in
1991. The year now is 2008.
By
2011, I will have lived in Minnesota for 20 years.
This material was presented by
Gita Suamanah
and
Muh.Ridho Rizky
from Group7.
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